How can we unit test front-end Single-Page Applications?

You can do it in three different ways:

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1. Isolated testing - no DOM rendering / just JavaScript
   1. the fastest ✅
   2. the least reliable ❌
2. Shallow testing - (partial DOM rendering)
   1. the compromise between isolated and integrated 👍
3. Deep / integrated testing - (full DOM rendering)
   1. the slowest ❌
   2. the most reliable ✅

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Visually, it looks like that:

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In Angular, you can control what gets rendered based on what you import and declare in TestBed.

In React and Vue, you can use different rendering methods.

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All the best,
Bartosz